Family History: (10 points) S.S. is a 13-year-old cisgender male who lives with both parents in Watchung, NJ. He is an only child, conceived through IVF using a donor egg. His mother experienced multiple miscarriages before his birth. Both parents work in IT from home, with the father occasionally traveling. They report a happy 25-year […]

Gastrointestinal Function: Constipation and Its Complications Constipation is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools. According to the Rome IV criteria, constipation is defined as having fewer than three bowel movements per week, straining during defecation, and having hard or lumpy stools (Lacy et al., 2016). Risk […]